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HISTOPLASMOSIS, TRAVELERS - USA ex EL SALVADOR (02): BACKGROUND
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A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Fri 19 Dec 2008
Source: Gideon Online [edited]
<http://www.gideononline.com>
A recent outbreak among American missionaries in El Salvador is the
latest in a growing list of histoplasmosis outbreaks acquired during
travel to endemic areas. The following chronology is abstracted from
Gideon
<http://www.gideononline.com/blog/2008/12/19/histoplasmosis-among-traveler=s/>,
(primary references available on request):
Cases of travel-related African histoplasmosis (caused by
_Histoplasma capsulatum_ var. _duboisii_) appear at the bottom of the
list:
1984 (publication year) - A case of imported infection (from India)
was reported in Scotland.
1986 (publication year) - Disseminated histoplasmosis has been
reported in an immigrant to the USA from the Dominican Republic.
1989 (publication year) - A German national developed disseminated
histoplasmosis following a trip to Ecuador.
1993 - An outbreak (5 cases) was reported among Japanese tourists
following a visit to a cave in Brazil.
1994 - An outbreak (24 cases) among French tourists to New Caledonia
was ascribed to a bat-infested cave.
1995 (publication year) - A Dutch traveler acquired histoplasmosis in Honduras.
1995 - An outbreak (13 cases) was reported among French tourists,
after trekking through a mountain tunnel in Martinique.
1997 (publication year) - A Dutch traveler acquired histoplasmosis in
Guatemala.
1998 to 1999 - Outbreaks (42 citizens, and 9 tourists from the USA
and Canada) acquired acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a cave in
Costa Rica.
2000 - An outbreak (14 cases) involved a group of Canadian students
who had been exploring a bat-infested cave in Belize.
1999 - An outbreak (6 cases) of acute histoplasmosis was reported
among Chilean travelers who visited a cave in Ecuador.
2001 - An outbreak (4 cases) was reported among German scientists
following a visit to a cave in Cuba.
2001 (publication year) - An outbreak (2 cases) was reported among
Japanese tourists following a tour of caves in Mexico.
2001 - An outbreak (262 cases) occurred among American college
students while at a hotel in Acapulco. 18 180 Mexicans were also
infected at the hotel during the same period, and additional Mexicans
were infected at the hotel later the same year. A 3rd outbreak (227
cases) affected convention attendees at the same hotel that year.
2001 - An outbreak (14 cases) was reported among American adventure
tourists exploring bat-infested cave in Nicaragua.
2003 (publication year) - A Spanish tourist acquired histoplasmosis in Ecuador.
2004 (publication year) - Histoplasmosis was reported in Belgian
nationals who had previously lived in Africa.
2004 - An outbreak (8 confirmed cases) was reported among Norwegian
tourists to Central America.
2005 (publication year) - An outbreak (9 cases) was reported among
Spanish volunteers who had worked on a construction site in Guatemala.
2005 - An outbreak (4 cases) was reported among Spanish tourists in Ecuador.
2006 (publication year) - A Dutch traveler acquired histoplasmosis in Ghana.
2006 - An outbreak (10 cases) of acute histoplasmosis was reported
among Italian researchers who had visited a rain forest in Ecuador.
2006 - An outbreak (3 cases) was reported among German scientists
following visit to a cave in Trinidad.
2007 (publication year) - A case of pulmonary histoplasmosis in Japan
was imported from Bolivia.
2007 (publication year) - An outbreak (3 cases) was reported among
Austrian travelers who were exposed to a bat cave in Mexico.
African histoplasmosis:
1990 - A case of imported African histoplasmosis reported in Chile
was acquired in Ivory Coast.
1992 to 2001 - 3 cases (1992, 1996 and 2001) of African
histoplasmosis in HIV-positive immigrants from Democratic Republic of
Congo were reported in France.
1996 (publication year) - African histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a
Liberian immigrant living in Switzerland.
--
Communicated by:
Dr. Steve Berger
Geographic Medicine
Tel Aviv Medical Center
Tel Aviv, Israel
<mberger@post.tau.ac.il>
[ProMED thanks Dr. Berger for his continued contributions. - Mod.LL]
[see also:
Histoplasmosis, travelers - USA ex El Salvador 20081219.3994
2007
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Histoplasmosis - Taiwan: 1st indigenous case 20070118.0230
2006
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Histoplasmosis, researchers - Italy ex Ecuador: alert 20060825.2399
2001
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Histoplasmosis - Mexico (Acapulco) 20011016.2547
2000
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Histoplasmosis, cave-associated - Venezuela (Miranda) 20000710.1149
1997
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Histoplasmosis? & bats - Africa (04) 19970219.0410
Histoplasmosis? & bats - Africa 19970212.0342]
..........................................ll/msp/lm
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