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LEPTOSPIROSIS - INDIA (02)
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A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Sat 4 Apr 2009
Source: GIDEON (Global Infectious Disease & Epidemiology Network) [edited]
<http://www.gideononline.com/blog/2009/04/03/leptospirosis-in-india/>
The following background data on [ProMED-mail Leptospirosis - India
North, 2007 20090403.1292] were abstracted from Gideon at the URL
above. Primary references are available on request.
Most outbreaks of leptospirosis are reported in coastal regions:
Gujarat, Mumbai, Kerala, Chennai, and the Andaman Islands.
- High rates have been reported from Valsad district (Gujurat) for
several years.
- Outbreaks of 'Andaman hemorrhagic fever' were first reported in
1988, and identified as leptospirosis in 1993.
- Highest rates occur during October to November.
Prevalence surveys
------------------
- 22.57 percent of FUO [fever of unknown origin] in Guwahti, Assam
(2008 publication)
- 3.2 percent of febrile patients and 7.0 percent of febrile patients
with jaundice in Delhi (1966). 32 cases were confirmed in the region
during 2000 to 2001.
- 23.81 percent of patients hospitalized for febrile jaundice in Kolkata.
Seroprevalence surveys
-----------------------
- 8.8 percent in Chandigarh
- 21.74 percent in Varanasi.
- 16.6 percent of sewer workers in Pune (2004 publication)
- 19.1 percent of tribal peoples on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands
-- highest rates among the Shompens = 53.5 percent (1999 publication)
- 23.6 percent of schoolchildren on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands
(2004 publication)
- 62.5 percent of agricultural workers, 39.4 percent of sewage
workers, 37.5 percent of animal handlers, 27.3 percent of forest
workers, and 30.0 percent of butchers in the Andaman Islands (2006 publication)
- 32.73 percent of patients with FUO, 35.71 percent of farm workers,
39.47 percent of hepatitis patients, and 0 percent of controls
(Maharashtra, 2007 publication)
- 58 percent of rats in Madurai, Tamil Nadu (2007 publication).
The principal reservoirs in this country are rats, pigs, cattle,
bandicoots, dogs, and cats.
Infecting serovars
------------------
The principal strains are _Leptospira interrogans_ serovars.
icterohaemorrhagiae, automnalis, pyrogenes, grippotyphosa, canicola,
australis, javanica, sejroe, louisiana, and pomona
- Serovars automnalis and icterohaemorrhagiae have been reported from
the mainland.
- A single infection by serovar. javanica was reported in Madras in
1996 -- the latter had previously been found only in bandicoots
(_Bandicota bengalensis_).
- _Leptospira interrogans_ serovar. Valbuzzi has been identified as a
cause of hemorrhagic pneumonia in the Andaman Islands.
- _Leptospira interrogans_ sensu stricto is the predominant infecting
species in the Andaman islands. (2007 publication).
Notable outbreaks
-----------------
- 1986 (publication year) -- an outbreak of Weil's disease was
reported in a food-fad commune.
- 1992 (publication year) -- an outbreak (48 cases) in Madras
followed a monsoon.
- 1993 -- an outbreak (18 cases) of leptospirosis with pulmonary
involvement was reported in north Andaman. This was the 1st report of
pulmonary leptospirosis in India.
- 1997 -- an outbreak (1127 confirmed cases) was reported in Madras
-- 40.2 percent of these _Leptospira interrogans_ serovar.
icterohaemorrhagiae, 20.0 percent serovar. canicola and 14.9 percent
serovar. automnalis.
- 1997 -- outbreaks (562 cases, total) were reported in Valsad (281
cases, 34 fatal), and Surat (281 cases, 34 fatal).
- 1999 -- an outbreak (143 suspect cases, 28 confirmed cases, 11
fatal) in Orissa followed a cyclone. Serovars pomona, hebdomadis, and
canicola were identified.
- 2000 -- an outbreak (18 children) in Mumbai followed local flooding.
- 2002 -- an outbreak (16 fatal cases) was reported in south Gujarat.
- 2002 -- concurrent outbreaks of leptospirosis and dengue were
reported in Mumbai.
- 2002 (publication year) -- an outbreak (74 cases) of _Leptospira
interrogans_ serovar. copenhageni infection was reported in Mumbai.
- 2002 -- an outbreak (143 cases, 11 fatal) of _Leptospira
interrogans_ serovars. canicola, pomona, and hebdomadis infection was
reported in Orissa.
- 2003 -- an outbreak (27 fatal cases and 177 under treatment)
involved 131 villages in South Gujarat.
- 2003 (publication year) -- an outbreak was reported in a nurses'
hostel in Chennai.
- 2004 -- an outbreak (550 cases, 75 fatal) of suspected
leptospirosis was reported in South Gujarat.
- 2005 -- an outbreak (100 or more fatal cases) of suspected
leptospirosis was reported in the area of Mumbai following local flooding.
- 2005 -- an outbreak (49 cases) in Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
was caused by contact with stagnant water.
- 2006 -- an outbreak (258 cases) was reported in Karnatka.
- 2006 -- an outbreak (11 cases, 1 fatal) was reported in Kerala.
- 2006 -- an outbreak (150 cases or more, at least 60 fatal) was
reported in Maharashtra.
- 2007 (publication year) -- an outbreak (1516 cases) was reported in
Karnataka State.
--
Communicated by:
Dr Steve Berger
Geographic Medicine
Tel Aviv Medical Center
Israel
<mberger@post.tau.ac.il>
[ProMED-mail thanks Professor Berger for extracting this information
from the Gideon database.
For the interactive HealthMap/ProMED map of India with links to
additional recent postings on outbreaks in India and nearby
countries, see <http://healthmap.org/r/008o>. - Mod.ML]
[see also:
Leptospirosis - India North, 2007 20090403.1292
2006
----
Leptospirosis - India (Gujarat): not hantavirus 20060831.2476
Leptospirosis - India (Kerala) 20060609.1612
Leptospirosis - India (Karnataka) 20060123.0226
2005
----
Leptospirosis - India (Maharashtra) 20050811.2348
2004
----
Leptospirosis - India (South Gujarat)(02) 20040908.2509
Leptospirosis - India (South Gujarat) 20040902.2441
Leptospirosis - India (Tamil Nadu) 20040226.0602
2003
----
Leptospirosis - Sri Lanka 20031024.2663
Leptospirosis - India (Gujurat) 20030915.2332
2002
----
Leptospirosis - India (Kerala) 20020918.5344
1997
----
Leptospirosis - India (Valstad & Surat) (02) 19971204.2425
Leptospirosis - India (Valstad & Surat) 19971031.2218
Leptospirosis, human mortality - India (Gujarat) 19970829.1839]
...................................ml/mj/mpp
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